Study Guide for Fluid Mechanics, by Franzini et al.
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Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8a Chapter 8b |
Chapter 1
What is fluid statics?
What is kinematics?
What is fluid dynamics?
What is hydrodynamics?
What is hydraulics?
What is fluid mechanics?
What is computational fluid dynamics?
F is what combination of units?
Length is?
Mass is?
Time is?
Temperature is?
What is the Gravitational attraction between two bodies?
The weight of an object is?
Acceleration?
Area?
Density?
Energy, Work, or quantity of heat?
Flow rate?
Frequency?
Kinematic Viscosity?
Power?
Pressure?
Specific weight?
Velocity?
Viscosity?
Volume?
What is a gravitational dimensional system?
What is an absolute dimensional system?
Two units systems are?
Basic Dimensions are?
How do we calculate weight from mass and acceleration?
What is an inconsistent system of units?
fps?
gpm?
mgd?
cfs?
Acre?
hectare?
pascal?
joule?
watt?
Chapter 2
In which are the molecules closer together, a solid or a fluid?
How much shear stress is required to make a fluid flow?
How long will a fluid flow under a shear stress?
Which is a fluid, gasses or liquids?
Which is more compressible, gasses or liquids?
Which will expand indefinitely when all external pressures are removed,
gasses or liquids?
What is a vapor?
What is a gas?
What is density?
What is specific weight?
What is the relationship between density and specific weight?
Do density and specific weights of fluids vary with temperature?
What is specific volume?
What is specific gravity?
What standard temperature is used for specific gravity of water?
What is the density of water at 4C?
Is there such a thing as an incompressible fluid?
When can we safely assume that a fluid is incompressible?
Can we always assume that water is incompressible?
Can we assume that air is incompressible?
How is the bulk modulus defined?
What is the bulk modulus?
How do we use bulk modulus?
At what temperature does water have minimum compressibility?
What is a useful equation based on bulk modulus?
With which does specific weight vary more, temperature or pressure?
Other than temperature and pressure, what can cause change in specific
weight?
the specific weight of seawater is 64 lb/cu-ft, while for pure water it is about
62.4 LB/cu-ft. Why?
What is a perfect gas?
What is Avogadro's Law
What is an easy way to determine R?
What is an isothermal process?
What is an adiabatic process?
What is an isentropic process?
Is there a simple way to estimate the bulk modulus for isothermal and
isentropic processes?
What is the standard atmosphere?
Why care about standard atmospheres?
What is an ideal fluid?
What is a real fluid?
What is viscosity?
Which is more viscous, motor oil or gasoline?
What causes viscosity?
What happens to liquid viscosity as temperature increases?
What happens to gas viscosity as temperature increases.
How is viscosity defined?
Other names for viscosity?
What is a Newtonian fluid?
In BG units, viscosity is LB-sec/sq-ft. Where do these units come from?
what is a poise (P)?
What is the viscosity of water at 68.4F, in cP?
What is kinematic viscosity and why do we use it?
Does viscosity vary much with pressure?
What is cohesion?
What is adhesion?
What is immiscible
what is surface tension?
What is capillarity?
What is a meniscus?
If cohesion is greater than adhesion, will a fluid in a capillary tube
rise or fall? Will it be concave or convex up?
If cohesion is less than adhesion, will a fluid in a capillary tube
rise or fall? Will it be concave or convex up?
what relationship is used to estimate capillary rise (or fall)
At what tube diameter are capillary effects small?
Is capillarity usually important in engineering?
When is capillarity important in engineering?
What is the saturation pressure?
How does the saturation pressure vary with temperature and pressure?
What is the boiling pressure?
What is cavitation?
Chapter 3
What kind of stresses, forces are in fluids at rest?
What can the normal forces in static waters do?
What is pressure?
Units of pressure?
Does the pressure at a point in a static fluid change with direction?
How does pressure vary with elevation in fluids?
How can one estimate the pressure at a given depth in an incompressible
fluid?
How does pressure vary with elevation in incompressible fluids?
What is Pascal's Law?
How can one estimate the fluid height required to create a given pressure?
What is pressure head?
What is the sum of the elevation and pressure head for a fluid at rest?
What is absolute pressure?
What is gauge pressure?
What is a vacuum?
When can pressure be negative?
What is a "high vacuum"?
What is barometric pressure?
Why does atmospheric pressure vary with elevation above sea level?
When should one use absolute pressure?
When can one use gauge pressure?
What is a barometer?
How does a barometer work?
What are the common atmospheric pressures?
Name 5 ways to measure pressure.
How does a Bourdon gage work?
What is a transducer?
How does a pressure transducer work?
What is a piezometer column?
What is a simple manometer?
What is a differential manometer?
If a fluid pressure is uniformly distributed over an area, what force
is exerted on the area?
If a fluid pressure is uniformly distributed over an area, where is
the point of application of the force?
For what kinds of submerged areas is the static fluid pressure always
uniform?
For which fluid type can one often assume the pressure distribution
is uniform?
Consider fluid pressure on a submerged vertical surface. Where
is the force centroid relative to the centroid of the surface's area?
As a submerged vertical surface is lowered below a fluid's free surface,
what happens to the force centroid relative to the area's centroid?
What is the force on an inclined object?
What is a general expression for the force on a straight inclined
submerged object?
A submerged object is rotated keeping the depth of its centroid the
same. Does the force on the object change?
What is the center of pressure?
Where is the center of pressure on a vertical submerged surface of
uniform width (I.e., a vertical rectangle), if its top is at the fluid
free surface?
Where (from the intersection of the plane of inclination to the free
liquid surface) is the centroid of pressure on a straight inclined submerged
object?
How can horizontal forces be determined for curved submerged objects.
How can vertical forces be determined for curved submerged objects.
What is the buoyant force on a submerged object?
When is a submerged body considered stable?
What is the buoyant force on a floating object?
What is a hydrometer?
When is a floating body considered stable?
To what is the plane of equal pressure always parallel to, whether
a body of water is static or being accelerated as a single mass?
How can one determine the direction of force generated in a fluid accelerated
as a single mass in a direction perpendicular to gravity?
The direction of force generated in a fluid accelerated as a single
mass in a direction perpendicular to gravity is perpendicular to what surface?
How can one determine the direction of force generated in a fluid accelerated
as a single mass by the resultant of two orthogonal forces, one perpendicular
to gravity and one parallel?
The direction of force generated in a fluid accelerated as a single
mass by the resultant of two orthogonal forces--one perpendicular to gravity
and one parallel--is perpendicular to what surface?
What is the change in pressure, in the direction of the resulting force,
of a body of water accelerated as one mass
Chapter 4
What is kinematics?
What is an ideal fluid?
What is a real fluid?
Who first demonstrated laminar and turbulent flow? When?
What are other names for laminar flow?
What is laminar flow?
What is turbulent flow?
What is disturbed flow?
Can turbulent flow be smooth in appearance?
Is turbulent flow mixed? If so, how?
Why do manometers or pressure gages attached to pipes often show pulsations?
What is steady flow?
What is uniform flow?
What is mean steady flow?
What is steady uniform flow?
What is steady nonuniform flow?
What is a path line?
What are streamlines
Pathlines and streamlines are the same in what kinds of fluids?
What is a streak line?
What are three methods for reporting flow rate?
What kind of flowrate is often used with incompressible fluids?
Compressible fluids?
How is volumetric flow rate related to velocity and the area of flow?
Interpret Q = VA.
Interpret rQ. Let m = mass flow rate
Interpret G = gQ.
Interpret V = Q/A = m/rA = G/gA
What is a fluid system?
What is a control volume?
What is a control surface?
What does equation 4.9 mean?
Can there be net velocity normal to a streamline?
What does equation 4.15 mean?
Is the "one-dimensional method of analysis" only used for one dimensional
analysis?
What is a flow net?
What are equipotential lines?
How do equipotential lines meet solid boundaries?
Can streamlines intersect solid boundaries?
What is a boundary layer?
Which minimizes boundary friction: converging or diverging streamlines?
What is a turbulent wake?
Does it matter to streamlines whether a body moves through still fluid
or a fluid moves past a still body?
Does steadiness (of a fluid flow) depend on the frame of reference?
What is convective acceleration?
What is tangential acceleration?
What is normal acceleration?
To what kind of flow does equation 4.22 apply?
To what kind of flow does equation 4.27 apply?
What is local acceleration?
Chapter 5
What does the first law of Thermodynamics tell us about energy?
Can we change the form of energy?
What is Kinetic energy?
What is the kinetic energy equation, energy / unit weight?
What is a, the kinetic-energy correction
factor
What is the kinetic-energy correction factor for laminar flow?
What is the kinetic-energy correction factor for turbulent flow?
Why do we often assume that the kinetic-energy correction factor is
1?
What are the units of energy?
The units of energy are force times length What does this mean?
Sometimes we report energy in the units of length. What does
this mean?
What is potential energy?
What is internal energy?
What is one method of estimating the change in internal energy of a
substance under constant volume conditions?
What does equation 5.5 mean?
What is flow work?
What is shaft work?
What is heat transfer?
What is the energy carried across the control volume boundaries by
the water flow?
What are all of the terms in equation 5.8?
What is Bernoulli's equation?
How does equation 5.8 become equation 5.13?
What is enthalpy?
What is "h" in equation 5.20?
How does equation 5.8 become equation 5.20?
How does pressure vary perpendicular to the direction of flow in steady/parallel
flow?
What is static pressure?
What is stagnation pressure?
What is head?
What is pressure head?
What is elevation head?
What is velocity head?
What is total head?
What is piezometric head (static head)?
What is power?
How is power calculated?
What is efficiency?
What is cavitation?
What does equation 5.36 mean?
What is the energy line?
What is the hydraulic grade line?
When is the energy line horizontal
What is the loss of energy at a submerged discharge?
Interpret Figure 5.8.
Interpret Figure 5.9.
Interpret Figure 5.10.
How do we solve fluid flow problems?
For flow along a curved path, in which direction (perpendicular to
the flow path) does pressure increase?
Chapter 6
What are the two fundamental concepts introduced before Chapter 6?
What fundamental concepts is introduced in Chapter 6?
What is Newton's Second Law?
What is momentum?
What is the difference between equations 6.3 and 6.4?
Under what conditions does equation 6.6 hold true?
What are the Navier-Stokes equations?
In the Navier-Stokes equations, which terms describe the effect of
gravity, pressure, viscosity, and momentum on fluid flow?
What is the momentum correction factor?
To avoid confusion over signs, how are students encouraged to apply
the momentum principle? (sec 6.4)
In sample problem 6.1, what is the cause of the change in momentum
from point (1) to (2) in Figure S6.1?
Refer to Figure 6.3. Why do the forces at each end of the reducer
get larger towards the bottom?
Refer to Figure 6.3. Why do the forces exerted by the reducer
on the fluid get smaller towards the narrow end?
Look at Figures 6.2 and 6.3. What are two ways that momentum
can change in steady flow?
What is the main difference between fluid forces on pressure conduits
and fluid forces on stationary vanes?
How do moving vanes complicate momentum analyses?
What are the three velocities described in section 6.7?
What are the two primary differences between the action of water upon
a stationary and a moving object? (section 6.8)
What special condition, regarding the movement of the single vane,
is required for equation 6.21 to hold true?
What is the absolute path?
What is shock?
Is all of the momentum transferred from a flow to a moving vane(s)
(a) when it strikes a single vane or (b) when it strikes a series of vanes?
What would happen to the tank in Figure 6.7a if it was on frictionless
rollers?
In what direction is the net force of the tank on the liquid in Figure
6.7a?
In what direction does a jet entering a system act on that system?
In what direction does a jet leaving a system act on that system?
What change in velocity is needed to calculate change of momentum
for a tank moving by the effect of a water jet?
What is the force exerted by a rocket?
What is a turbojet? How does it work?
What is a pump?
What is a turbine?
What is an impeller?
What is a runner?
What is axial flow?
What is radial flow?
What is mixed flow?
Correct and accurate-looking equations can be developed for pumps and
turbines, but of what must the potential user remain aware? (section
6.11)
For radial pumps and turbines, how is the principle of continuity used?
What is torque, in terms of force and moment arm?
What is torque, in terms of momentum? (equation 6.28)
What is the meaning of equation 6.29?
What are the rotating channels discussed in Section 6.13?
What is equation 6.31 called? Why?
What assumptions were used to develop equation 6.32 from equation 6.31?
What is the principle effect of a fan in a duct?
What is a slipstream?
Why does a slipstream have the shape shown in Figure 6.14?
How is the power produced by a propeller calculated on page 229?
Chapter 7
What is a prototype?
What is a model?
What is geometric similarity?
What is kinematic similarity?
What is dynamic similarity?
What are the 6 forces that may act on a fluid element?
What is the Reynolds number?
The Reynolds number is obtained by considering flows dominated by what
two types of force?
Can you describe three fluid situations dominated by those two forces?
What is the Froude number?
The Froude number is obtained by considering flows dominated by what
two types of force?
Can you describe five fluid situations dominated by those two forces?
What is the Mach number?
The Mach number is obtained by considering flows dominated by what
two types of force?
Can you describe one fluid situation dominated by those two forces?
What are Scale ratios?
What does one do in Dimensional Analysis?
What is the principle of dimensional homogeneity?
What is the Pi Theorem?
What are the seven steps of the Pi Theorem?
What is a dimensionless group?
Chapter 8a (sections 1 - 16)
Does chapter 8 apply to compressible or incompressible fluids?
Does chapter 8 apply to isothermal conditions?
What is the true critical Reynolds number?
What is hydraulic radius?
What is the head loss in conduits of constant cross section?
What is the head loss in circular conduits?
What is the shape of the velocity profile for laminar flow in circular
conduits?
What is the friction factor, f, for laminar flow?
How does the velocity profile change in a pipe with laminar flow, from
an entrance from a tank to where fully developed parabolic flow occurs?
See Figure 8.4.
How does the velocity profile change in a pipe with turbulent flow,
from an entrance from a tank to where fully developed turbulent flow occurs?
See Figure 8.7.
What is the laminar boundary layer?
What is the turbulent boundary layer?
What is the viscous boundary layer?
How thin is a typical viscous boundary layer near a pipe wall?
Referring to Figure 8.8, what is the viscous zone, transition zone,
and turbulent zone?
What is a hydraulically smooth pipe surface? See Figure 8.9.
What is a transitionally rough pipe surface?
What is a fully rough pipe surface? See Figure 8.9.
How does the viscous boundary layer change with Reynolds number?
Can pipe smoothness/roughness change with Reynolds number?
How do velocity profiles differ for turbulent and laminar flows?
See Figure 8.10
How does pipe smoothness effect the velocity profile in turbulent flow?
See Figure 8.10
What is e?
What is relative roughness?
Why is relative roughness not related to f for laminar flow?
Why is Reynolds number not related to f for fully-rough pipe flow?
Why are both Reynolds number and relative roughness related to f for
turbulent flow that is not fully-rough?
What is the Moody Diagram?
Where can we find values of e for various pipes?
What are the three basic pipe flow problems?
What is the main issue when using the Moody diagram to solve discharge
and sizing pipe flow problems?
What does the text mean by "rigorous" solutions to pipe flow problems?
What are empirical equations?
Under what conditions are equations 8.49 and 8.50 applicable?
Are equations 8.49 and 8.50 constituent in their units?
Chapter 8b (sections 17-28)
What are minor losses?
What causes minor losses, as related to velocity?
What kinds of specific things cause minor losses?
What are the two basic ways minor losses are estimated?
What causes the head loss at an entrance? See Figure 8.12.
How do we estimate head loss at an entrance?
What is the vena contracta?
Which causes more head loss, a bell-mouthed, square-edged, or reentrant
entrance? See Figure 8.13.
Why is the head loss at a submerged discharge V2/2g? See Figure 8.14.
How do we estimate head loss at a sudden contraction?
What causes the head loss at a sudden contraction? See Figure
8.15.
What causes the head loss at a sudden expansion? See Figure 8.16.
How do we estimate the head loss at a sudden expansion?
How do we estimate the head loss at a gradual expansion?
What two methods are used to estimate head loss in pipe fittings?
Which causes more head loss, a wide-open gate valve or one that is
half-closed? Why?
In bends, head loss is a function of what two things? See Figure
8.22.
How can a vaned elbow reduce head loss? See Figure 8.21 and section
8.23.
It is generally conceded that minor losses can be ignored with little
error for pipes of what length?
What two types of head loss should we considered when solving pipe
problems where pipe length is less than 1000 x the pipe diameter?
The power added to water by a pump must be equal to what?
The power obtained from water by turbine must be equal to what?
What is the relationship between flow in pipes in series?
What is the relationship between head loss in pipes in series?
What is the relationship between flow in pipes in parallel?
What is the relationship between head loss in pipes in parallel?